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- $Unique_ID{how00626}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Civilizations Past And Present
- Document: Two Taika Reform Edicts}
- $Subtitle{}
- $Author{Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett}
- $Affiliation{}
- $Subject{let
- chieftains
- districts
- township
-
- }
- $Date{1992}
- $Log{}
- Title: Civilizations Past And Present
- Book: Chapter 8: The Rising Flood Of Asian Culture, 300-1300
- Author: Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett
- Date: 1992
-
- Document: Two Taika Reform Edicts
-
- The reforms came in a series of decrees in 645 and 646. This section covers
- local administration.
-
- 2nd year [646], Spring, 1st month, 1st day. As soon as the ceremonies
- of the new year's congratulations were over, the Emperor promulgated
- an edict of reform, as follows:
-
- "I. Let the people establish by the ancient Emperors, etc., as
- representatives of children be abolished, also the Miyake of various
- places and the people owned as serfs by the Wake, the Imperial
- Chieftains, the Deity Chieftains, Court Chieftains, Local Chieftains
- and the Village Headmen. Let the farmsteads in various places be
- abolished." Consequently fiefs were granted for their sustenance to
- those of the rank of Daibu and upwards on a descending scale. Presents
- of cloth and silk stuffs were given to the officials and people, varying
- in value.
-
- "Further We say. It is the business of the Daibu to govern the
- people. If they discharge this duty thoroughly, the people have trust
- in them, and an increase of their revenue is therefore for the good of
- the people."
-
- "II. The capital is for the first time to be regulated, and
- Governors appointed for the Home provinces and districts. Let barriers,
- outposts, guards, and post-horses, both special and ordinary, be
- provided, bell-tokens made, and mountains and rivers regulated."
-
- "For each ward in the capital let there be appointed one alderman,
- and for four wards one chief alderman, who shall be charged with the
- superintendence of the population, and the examination of criminal
- matters. For appointment as chief alderman of wards let men be taken
- belonging to the wards, of unblemished character, firm and upright, so
- that they may fitly sustain the duties of the time. For appointment as
- aldermen, whether of rural townships or of city wards, let ordinary
- subjects be taken belonging to the township or ward, of good character
- and solid capacity. If such men are not to be found in the township or
- ward in question, it is permitted to select and employ men of the
- adjoining township or ward."
-
- "The Home provinces shall include the region from the River Yokogawa
- at Nabari on the east, from Mount Senoyama in Kii on the south, from
- Kushibuchi in Akashi on the west, and from Mount Afusakayama in Sasanami
- in Afumi on the north. Districts of forty townships are constituted
- Greater Districts, of from thirty to four townships are constituted
- Middle Districts, and of three or fewer townships are constituted
- Lesser Districts. For the district authorities, of whatever class, let
- there be taken Local Chieftains of unblemished character, such as may
- fitly sustain the duties of the time, and made Tairei and Shorei. Let
- men of solid capacity and intelligence who are skilled in writing and
- arithmetic be appointed assistants and clerks .... "
-
- "III. Let there now be provided for the first time registers of
- population, books of account and a system of the receipt and regranting
- of distribution-land."
-
- "Let every fifty houses be reckoned a township, and in every
- township let there be one alderman who shall be charged with the
- superintendence of the population, the direction of the sowing of crops
- and the cultivation of mulberry trees, the prevention and examination
- of offenses, and the enforcement of the payment of taxes and of forced
- labor."
-
- "For rice-land, thirty paces in length by twelve paces in breadth
- shall be reckoned a tan. Ten tan make one cho. For each tan the tax is
- two sheaves and two bundles [such as can be grasped in the hand] of
- rice; for each cho the tax is twenty-two sheaves of rice. On mountains
- or in valleys where the land is precipitous, or in remote places where
- the population is scanty, such arrangements are to be made as may be
- convenient."
-
- From Sources of the Japanese Tradition, compiled by Ryusaku Tsunoda,
- William T. de Bary, and Donald Keene, 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University
- Press, 1964), Vol. 1, pp. 70-72.
-
-